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(Created page with "What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics studies the relationship between context and language. It addresses issues such as what do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable actions. It's in opposition to idealism, the notion that you must always abide by your principles.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways that language users find meaning from and each one another. It is typically...")
 
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What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics studies the relationship between context and language. It addresses issues such as what do people mean by the words they use?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is based on practical and reasonable actions. It's in opposition to idealism, the notion that you must always abide by your principles.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the ways that language users find meaning from and each one another. It is typically thought of as a part of language, although it differs from semantics because pragmatics looks at what the user intends to convey rather than what the meaning actually is.<br><br>As a research area the field of pragmatics is still relatively new and its research has expanded quickly in the past few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field but it has also had an impact on research in other fields such as psychology, sociolinguistics, and the field of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different ways to approach pragmatics that have contributed to the growth and development of this field. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which focuses on the notion of intention and how it affects the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. The lexical and concept approaches to pragmatics are also perspectives on the subject. These views have contributed to the variety of topics that pragmatics researchers have studied.<br><br>The research in pragmatics has covered a vast variety of topics, including L2 pragmatic comprehension and request production by EFL students, as well as the role of the theory of mind in mental and physical metaphors. It has also been applied to various social and cultural phenomena, including political discourse, discriminatory language and interpersonal communication. Researchers in pragmatics have used various methods from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C illustrates that the size of the knowledge base for pragmatics differs according to the database utilized. The US and the UK are among the top researchers in pragmatics research, but their rankings differ by database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is an interconnected field that is inextricably linked with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to rank the top authors of pragmatics based on their publications only. However, it is possible to determine the most influential authors by looking at their contributions to pragmatics. For example Bambini's contribution in pragmatics includes pioneering concepts like conversational implicature and politeness theory. Other highly influential authors in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the users and contexts of language usage rather than focusing on reference to truth, grammar, or. It focuses on the ways in which one phrase can be understood to mean different things from different contexts as well as those triggered by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on the methods that listeners employ to determine which phrases are intended to be communicated. It is closely linked to the theory of conversational implicature, which was developed by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known, long-established one however, there is a lot of controversy about the precise boundaries of these fields. For example,  [https://www.ky58.cc/dz/home.php?mod=space&uid=2066714 무료슬롯 프라그마틱] some philosophers have argued that the concept of sentence's meaning is an aspect of semantics. Others have argued that this type of thing should be treated as a pragmatic problem.<br><br>Another area of controversy is whether the study of pragmatics should be regarded as to be a linguistics branch or as a component of philosophy of language. Some researchers have argued pragmatics is an independent discipline and  [https://www.google.com.ag/url?q=https://www.question-ksa.com/user/novelfrost88 프라그마틱 공식홈페이지] should be treated as part of linguistics alongside phonology. syntax, semantics etc. Others, however, have suggested that the study of pragmatics should be considered part of the philosophy of language since it examines the ways that our beliefs about the meaning and uses of language influence our theories of how languages work.<br><br>There are a few major aspects of the study of pragmatics that have fuelled the debate. For instance, some researchers have claimed that pragmatics isn't an academic discipline in and of itself since it examines the ways people interpret and use language, without being able to provide any information about what actually gets said. This type of approach is referred to as far-side pragmatics. Some scholars, however have argued that this study should be considered an independent discipline because it studies how cultural and social influences affect the meaning and use language. This is known as near-side pragmatism.<br><br>The field of pragmatics also discusses the inferential nature and meaning of utterances, as well as the significance of the primary pragmatic processes in determining what a speaker is saying in the sentence. Recanati and Bach examine these issues in more depth. Both papers address the notions of saturation and free pragmatic enrichment. Both are crucial pragmatic processes in that they aid in shaping the overall meaning of an utterance.<br><br>How is Free Pragmatics Different from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics focuses on the way in which context influences the meaning of language. It analyzes how human language is utilized in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the interpreter and the speaker. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.<br><br>A variety of theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, such as Gricean pragmatics, focus on the communicative intention of the speaker. Others, such as Relevance Theory concentrate on the processes of understanding that occur during the interpretation of words by hearers. Some pragmatics theories are merged with other disciplines, like philosophy and cognitive science.<br><br>There are also a variety of views on the borderline of semantics and pragmatics. Certain philosophers, such as Morris, believe that semantics and pragmatics are two separate topics. He states that semantics is concerned with the relation of words to objects which they may or may not denote, whereas pragmatics is concerned with the usage of the words in context.<br><br>Other philosophers, such as Bach and Harnish have claimed that pragmatism is a subfield within semantics. They define "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics focuses on the logical implications of saying something. They argue that a portion of the 'pragmatics' that accompany an expression are already determined by semantics, while other 'pragmatics' is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that the same utterance can have different meanings in different contexts, based on things like indexicality and ambiguity. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, as well listener expectations can also change the meaning of a phrase.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is that it is culture-specific. This is because different cultures have their own rules regarding what is acceptable to say in different situations. In some cultures, it's polite to make eye contact. In other cultures, it's rude.<br><br>There are a variety of views of pragmatics, and lots of research is being conducted in this field. The main areas of study are: formal and computational pragmatics; theoretical and experimental pragmatics; intercultural and cross-linguistic pragmatics; clinical and experimental pragmatics.<br><br>How does Free Pragmatics compare to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with how meaning is communicated through the language in a context. It is less concerned with the grammatical structure of the speech and more on what the speaker is saying. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians. The topic of pragmatics is linked to other areas of the study of linguistics, such as syntax and semantics, or the philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the field of pragmatics expanded in many directions. This includes conversational pragmatics and computational linguistics. These areas are characterized by a broad range of research, which focuses on topics such as lexical features and the interplay between discourse, language and meaning.<br><br>One of the main issues in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether or not it is possible to have a rigorous, systematic account of the semantics/pragmatics interface. Some philosophers have suggested that it's not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have argued the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is not clear and that they are the identical.<br><br>It is not unusual for scholars to go back and forth between these two views and argue that certain events are either pragmatics or semantics. Some scholars believe that if a statement is interpreted with an actual truth conditional meaning, it's semantics. Others believe that the possibility that a statement may be read differently is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different view and argue that the truth-conditional meaning of an expression is only one of many ways that the utterance may be interpreted, and that all interpretations are valid. This is often referred to as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent work in pragmatics has sought to integrate semantic and far-side approaches in an effort to comprehend the full scope of the interpretive possibilities for  [https://www.google.co.zm/url?q=https://fakenews.win/wiki/15_Reasons_Why_You_Shouldnt_Overlook_Pragmatickr 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯버프] 추천, [http://120.zsluoping.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=1243849 Http://120.zsluoping.cn/], an utterance by describing how a speaker's intentions and beliefs contribute to the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version combines a Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technical innovations developed by Franke and Bergen. The model predicts that listeners will entertain a variety of possible exhaustified versions of an utterance containing the universal FCI any, and that this is what makes the exclusiveness implicature so strong when contrasted to other possible implicatures.
What is Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It poses questions such as: What do people really think when they use words?<br><br>It's a philosophy that is focused on practical and reasonable actions. It differs from idealism which is the belief that one should stick to their beliefs no matter what.<br><br>What is Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is the way that language users interact and communicate with one and with each other. It is often viewed as a component of language, but it differs from semantics in that it is focused on what the user is trying to communicate, not on what the actual meaning is.<br><br>As a research field, pragmatics is relatively new and its research has been expanding rapidly over the past few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field however, it has also influenced research in other areas like sociolinguistics, psychology, and the field of anthropology.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics that have contributed to its growth and development. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which is focused on the concept of intention and how it affects the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Conceptual and lexical strategies for pragmatics are also views on the subject. These views have contributed to the wide range of subjects that pragmatics researchers have researched.<br><br>The study of pragmatics has covered a broad variety of topics, including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, as well as the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed various methods, from experimental to sociocultural.<br><br>Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base on pragmatics is different according to the database used. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, yet their positions differ based on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.<br><br>This makes it difficult to classify the top pragmatics authors according to their number of publications alone. It is possible to identify influential authors based on their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution in pragmatics includes pioneering concepts such as conversational implicature,  [https://bookmarkbooth.com/story18098669/pragmatic-slots-free-the-history-of-pragmatic-slots-free-in-10-milestones 프라그마틱 무료스핀] 슬롯 추천 - [https://socialicus.com/story3412616/the-top-pragmatic-slot-experience-experts-are-doing-three-things Socialicus.Com], and politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.<br><br>What is Free Pragmatics?<br><br>The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and the users of language than it is with truth or reference, or grammar. It examines the ways in which one phrase can be understood to mean different things in different contexts, including those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on methods that listeners employ to determine if words are meant to be communicated. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature, which was pioneered by Paul Grice.<br><br>While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and long-established one, there is a lot of controversy regarding the exact boundaries of these disciplines. Some philosophers argue that the concept of sentence meaning is a component of semantics, whereas others insist that this particular issue should be viewed as pragmatic.<br><br>Another issue is whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of language or a branch of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its own right and should be treated as an independent part of the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology semantics and so on. Others, however, have argued that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as part of the philosophy of language because it focuses on the ways that our concepts of the meanings and functions of language influence our theories of how languages function.<br><br>This debate has been fueled by a number of key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have argued for instance, that pragmatics isn't a discipline by itself because it studies how people perceive and use the language, without necessarily referring back to actual facts about what was said. This type of method is known as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that the subject should be considered a discipline in its own right since it examines the ways in which the meaning and use of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.<br><br>Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the manner in which we understand the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process, and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by a speaker in a given sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these issues in greater depth. Both papers explore the notions saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are important pragmatic processes that help shape the meaning of an utterance.<br><br>What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of a language. It studies the way that human language is used during social interaction as well as the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.<br><br>Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the communication intent of speakers. Others, like Relevance Theory concentrate on the understanding processes that occur during utterance interpretation by listeners. Certain approaches to pragmatics have been merged with other disciplines, such as cognitive science and philosophy.<br><br>There are also a variety of opinions regarding the boundaries between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different topics. He claims semantics concerns the relationship between signs and objects they may or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.<br><br>Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield within semantics. They define "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical consequences of saying something. They believe that a portion of the 'pragmatics' of an utterance is already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.<br><br>The context is among the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that a single utterance could have different meanings based on factors such as ambiguity or indexicality. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, and expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a word.<br><br>Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. It is because every culture has its own rules for what is appropriate in different situations. For example, it is acceptable in certain cultures to look at each other while it is rude in other cultures.<br><br>There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this area. There are a myriad of areas of research, such as formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.<br><br>How is free Pragmatics similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?<br><br>The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated through the language in a context. It analyzes how the speaker's intentions and beliefs contribute to interpretation, and focuses less on the grammatical aspects of the speech rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is related to other areas of linguistics such as syntax, semantics and philosophy of language.<br><br>In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in several different directions, including computational linguistics, pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. There is a broad range of research in these areas, with a focus on topics such as the role of lexical elements, [https://getsocialselling.com/story3382863/do-not-forget-pragmatic-image-10-reasons-why-you-don-t-have-it 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁] [https://bookmark-vip.com/story18140851/responsible-for-the-pragmatic-product-authentication-budget-10-unfortunate-ways-to-spend-your-money 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁] 체험 ([https://bookmarkswing.com/story19472861/the-12-most-popular-pragmatic-slots-free-trial-accounts-to-follow-on-twitter simply click the next document]) the interaction between discourse and language, and the nature of the concept of meaning.<br><br>One of the major questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to have an exhaustive, systematic view of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is ill-defined and that semantics and pragmatics are actually the identical.<br><br>It is not uncommon for scholars to argue between these two views, arguing that certain phenomena fall under either pragmatics or semantics. For instance some scholars believe that if an utterance has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics, whereas others argue that the fact that a statement can be interpreted in a variety of ways is a sign of pragmatics.<br><br>Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different view in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one of many ways that the expression can be understood, and that all interpretations are valid. This method is sometimes described as "far-side pragmatics".<br><br>Recent research in pragmatics has sought to combine semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities that can be derived from a speaker's words by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs as well as intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates a Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technological innovations created by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts listeners will be entertained by a variety of exhausted parses of a speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any. This is why the exclusiveness implicature is so robust compared to other plausible implications.

Revision as of 19:02, 20 September 2024

What is Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the connection between context, language and meaning. It poses questions such as: What do people really think when they use words?

It's a philosophy that is focused on practical and reasonable actions. It differs from idealism which is the belief that one should stick to their beliefs no matter what.

What is Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is the way that language users interact and communicate with one and with each other. It is often viewed as a component of language, but it differs from semantics in that it is focused on what the user is trying to communicate, not on what the actual meaning is.

As a research field, pragmatics is relatively new and its research has been expanding rapidly over the past few decades. It is a linguistics-related academic field however, it has also influenced research in other areas like sociolinguistics, psychology, and the field of anthropology.

There are many different perspectives on pragmatics that have contributed to its growth and development. One example is the Gricean approach to pragmatics, which is focused on the concept of intention and how it affects the speaker's knowledge of the listener's understanding. Conceptual and lexical strategies for pragmatics are also views on the subject. These views have contributed to the wide range of subjects that pragmatics researchers have researched.

The study of pragmatics has covered a broad variety of topics, including pragmatic understanding in L2 and request production by EFL students, as well as the role of the theory of mind in physical and mental metaphors. It has been applied to cultural and social phenomena like political discourse, discriminatory speech and interpersonal communication. Pragmatics researchers have also employed various methods, from experimental to sociocultural.

Figure 9A-C shows that the size of the knowledge base on pragmatics is different according to the database used. The US and the UK are among the top contributors to pragmatics research, yet their positions differ based on the database. This is due to the fact that pragmatics is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with other disciplines.

This makes it difficult to classify the top pragmatics authors according to their number of publications alone. It is possible to identify influential authors based on their contributions to the field of pragmatics. For instance Bambini's contribution in pragmatics includes pioneering concepts such as conversational implicature, 프라그마틱 무료스핀 슬롯 추천 - Socialicus.Com, and politeness theory. Other authors who have been influential in the field of pragmatics include Grice, Saul and Kasper.

What is Free Pragmatics?

The study of pragmatics is more concerned with the contexts and the users of language than it is with truth or reference, or grammar. It examines the ways in which one phrase can be understood to mean different things in different contexts, including those caused by ambiguity or indexicality. It also focuses on methods that listeners employ to determine if words are meant to be communicated. It is closely linked to the theory of conversative implicature, which was pioneered by Paul Grice.

While the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is a well-known and long-established one, there is a lot of controversy regarding the exact boundaries of these disciplines. Some philosophers argue that the concept of sentence meaning is a component of semantics, whereas others insist that this particular issue should be viewed as pragmatic.

Another issue is whether pragmatics is a subfield of philosophy of language or a branch of the study of linguistics. Some researchers have suggested that pragmatics is a subject in its own right and should be treated as an independent part of the field of linguistics along with syntax, phonology semantics and so on. Others, however, have argued that the study of pragmatics should be viewed as part of the philosophy of language because it focuses on the ways that our concepts of the meanings and functions of language influence our theories of how languages function.

This debate has been fueled by a number of key issues that are fundamental to the study of pragmatism. Some scholars have argued for instance, that pragmatics isn't a discipline by itself because it studies how people perceive and use the language, without necessarily referring back to actual facts about what was said. This type of method is known as far-side pragmatics. Other scholars, however, have argued that the subject should be considered a discipline in its own right since it examines the ways in which the meaning and use of language is dependent on cultural and social factors. This is known as near-side pragmatics.

Other topics of discussion in pragmatics include the manner in which we understand the nature of the interpretation of utterances as an inferential process, and the role that primary pragmatic processes play in the analysis of what is being spoken by a speaker in a given sentence. Recanati and Bach discuss these issues in greater depth. Both papers explore the notions saturation and free enrichment in the context of a pragmatic. These are important pragmatic processes that help shape the meaning of an utterance.

What is the difference between Free Pragmatics and from Explanatory Pragmatics?

Pragmatics is the study of the role that context plays to the meaning of a language. It studies the way that human language is used during social interaction as well as the relationship between speaker and interpreter. Linguists who specialize in pragmatics are known as pragmaticians.

Many different theories of pragmatics have been developed over the years. Some, like Gricean pragmatics focus on the communication intent of speakers. Others, like Relevance Theory concentrate on the understanding processes that occur during utterance interpretation by listeners. Certain approaches to pragmatics have been merged with other disciplines, such as cognitive science and philosophy.

There are also a variety of opinions regarding the boundaries between semantics and pragmatics. Morris is one philosopher who believes that pragmatics and semantics are two different topics. He claims semantics concerns the relationship between signs and objects they may or may not denote whereas pragmatics is concerned with the use of words in the context.

Other philosophers such as Bach and Harnish have argued that pragmatism is a subfield within semantics. They define "near-side" and "far-side" pragmatics. Near-side pragmatics focuses on the words spoken, while far-side pragmatics is focused on the logical consequences of saying something. They believe that a portion of the 'pragmatics' of an utterance is already determined by semantics while other 'pragmatics' is determined by the pragmatic processes of inference.

The context is among the most important aspects in pragmatics. This means that a single utterance could have different meanings based on factors such as ambiguity or indexicality. Discourse structure, beliefs of the speaker and intentions, and expectations of the audience can also alter the meaning of a word.

Another aspect of pragmatics is its particularity to the culture. It is because every culture has its own rules for what is appropriate in different situations. For example, it is acceptable in certain cultures to look at each other while it is rude in other cultures.

There are many different perspectives on pragmatics, and a lot of research is being conducted in this area. There are a myriad of areas of research, such as formal and computational pragmatics theoretic and experimental pragmatics, intercultural and cross linguistic pragmatics and pragmatics that are experimental and clinical.

How is free Pragmatics similar to Explanatory Pragmatics?

The pragmatics discipline is concerned with the way meaning is communicated through the language in a context. It analyzes how the speaker's intentions and beliefs contribute to interpretation, and focuses less on the grammatical aspects of the speech rather than what is said. Pragmaticians are linguists who focus in pragmatics. The subject of pragmatics is related to other areas of linguistics such as syntax, semantics and philosophy of language.

In recent years the area of pragmatics has been developing in several different directions, including computational linguistics, pragmatics of conversation, and theoretic pragmatics. There is a broad range of research in these areas, with a focus on topics such as the role of lexical elements, 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁 프라그마틱 슬롯 팁 체험 (simply click the next document) the interaction between discourse and language, and the nature of the concept of meaning.

One of the major questions in the philosophical discussion of pragmatics is whether it is possible to have an exhaustive, systematic view of the pragmatics/semantics interface. Some philosophers have claimed that it is not (e.g. Morris 1938, Kaplan 1989). Other philosophers have claimed that the distinction between pragmatics and semantics is ill-defined and that semantics and pragmatics are actually the identical.

It is not uncommon for scholars to argue between these two views, arguing that certain phenomena fall under either pragmatics or semantics. For instance some scholars believe that if an utterance has an actual truth-conditional meaning, then it is semantics, whereas others argue that the fact that a statement can be interpreted in a variety of ways is a sign of pragmatics.

Other pragmatics researchers have taken a different view in arguing that the truth-conditional meaning a utterance has is only one of many ways that the expression can be understood, and that all interpretations are valid. This method is sometimes described as "far-side pragmatics".

Recent research in pragmatics has sought to combine semantic and far side approaches. It attempts to capture the entire range of interpretive possibilities that can be derived from a speaker's words by demonstrating how the speaker's beliefs as well as intentions influence the interpretation. For example, Champollion et al. The 2019 version incorporates a Gricean model of the Rational Speech Act framework, with technological innovations created by Franke and Bergen. This model predicts listeners will be entertained by a variety of exhausted parses of a speech utterance that includes the universal FCI Any. This is why the exclusiveness implicature is so robust compared to other plausible implications.